Artificial intelligence (AI) could help free up pathologist time and allow them to focus on diagnosing the trickiest cases of Barrett’s oesophagus, according to a Cancer Research UK-funded study published in Nature Medicine.
Using deep learning AI, samples taken from clinical trials that use Cytosponge, a new diagnostic tool for Barrett’s oesophagus, were separated into eight classes of varying priority for pathologist review.
The study found that triaging Cytosponge samples using AI could free up time for pathologists to concentrate on the more challenging samples, potentially reducing the diagnostic workload by 57%, while matching the diagnostic accuracy of pathologists.
Patients with acid reflux (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GORD), leading to symptoms including heartburn, are at a higher risk of Barrett’s oesophagus.
Barrett’s oesophagus can cause cells in the oesophagus to grow abnormally, increasing the risk of oesophageal cancer. Around 3 to 13% of people with Barrett’s oesophagus will develop oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of oesophageal cancer, in their lifetime - approximately 11 times higher than in the average person.
It’s thought that many cases of Barrett’s oesophagus go undetected and, because oesophageal cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage, there has been a lot of interest in improving the detection of Barrett’s.
Previous work by researchers, based at the University of Cambridge, led to the development of Cytosponge ‘sponge-on-a-string’ pill test. This is a quick and simple procedure that can be performed in a GP’s surgery, and takes a sample of cells from within the oesophagus for further investigations.
Research from the group showed that if Cytosponge was used to find patients with undiagnosed Barrett’s oesophagus, it can identify ten times more people than the current route. If Cytosponge becomes more routinely used in the NHS, this could increase the demand on the already busy NHS care pathway.
The researchers, led by Dr Florian Markowetz at Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute wanted to find a way to help reduce the strain on the NHS from the analysis of Cytosponge samples, without compromising the quality of care, by using AI.
Using the biomarker TFF3, which is a hallmark of Barrett’s oesophagus, the researchers trained the algorithm to recognise overexpression of this protein in goblet cells, which are found in the oesophagus.
Working in consultation with pathologists, they developed criteria that were able to distinguish between signals that indicated presence of Barrett’s oesophagus from the noise of other cell populations.
A triage system was set out in consultation with experienced pathologists, which was broken down into eight classes based on sample quality and how clear cut the diagnosis was. Samples that were defined as low quality, or more challenging to diagnose were prioritised for expert assessment by pathologists.
The scientists showed that triaging cases, where samples were sorted into clear cut or more challenging cases, was vital in their approach.
Using samples from 2,331 patients that weren’t sorted, pathologists were able to correctly identify 82% of cases of Barrett’s oesophagus, while the automated approach correctly identified 73% of cases. Both pathologists and the algorithm correctly identified 93% of all negative Barrett’s oesophagus cases.
However, when using a triaged system where the cases were sorted, the algorithm was applied to the clearer cut 60% of cases, it was able to identify 83% of Barrett’s oesophagus cases. This suggests that it could reduce the Cytosponge analysis workload for the pathologists by 57%.
Dr Marcel Gehrung, based at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, who spent his PhD on the study and set up a spin-out company called Cyted from the work, said: “A major bottleneck for scaling Cytosponge to test large patient populations is the time it takes for a pathologist to analyse the samples, which has several time-consuming steps. By semi-automating this process, we hope to reduce workload and give pathologists the space and time to analyse the more challenging samples, where a diagnosis is less clear cut, and their experience is unparalleled.”
Professor Rebecca Fitzgerald, from the MRC Cancer Unit at the University of Cambridge, who developed the Cytosponge test and worked with the AI team, added: “We know that late-stage oesophageal cancer is far more difficult to treat than when detected at an early stage. Using Cytosponge to help identify those at increased risk of the disease could make a huge difference in the outlook for these patients, and this multidisciplinary approach of using artificial intelligence in partnership with pathologists could help speed up diagnoses and help make this a reality.”
As further work using the algorithm progresses, the researchers say as a deep learning tool it will continue to evolve, become even more accurate in its definition of triage classes. Researchers also say the technology could also potentially be applied to other conditions including pancreatic, thyroid and bowel cancer.
